Chapter+4

Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

__Chemistry Assignment #4__ Read Chapter 4. Each student should define ONE of the following terms. Click edit on this page and add your definition directly on this page. All definitions should be written in your own words. You may include diagrams or pictures to help define your term. After your definition, you should write your name in parentheses like so - (Mrs. Brees).

1. Carbon - Carbon is the chemical element of which humans are based. It is also what most chemicals that make up living organisms are based on too. Nothing can compare to carbon's ability to create molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Because of carbon, both the molecular diversity found on earth and the diveristy of biological molecules is possible. (Jackie Kishel)

2. Organic Chemistry – The branch of chemistry the specializes in studying compounds that include carbon ( Danielle Mills)

3. Hydrocarbons – Organic compounds that are made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms (Lauren Meyer)

4. Isomers – compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties (Annie Turnbull)

5. Structural isomers – A compound that has the same molecular formula but is different because of the formation in their covalent bonds. (Bianka Patsalos-Fox)

6. Geometric isomers – Compounds that contain the same covalent partnerships but are different because of different spacing between the arrangements. This happens because double bonds are not flexible as opposed to single bonds which allow rotation around the axis of the bond. (Kelsh)

7. //Cis// isomer – a molecule consisting of two double-bonded carbon atoms, with an X and H atom covalently bonded to each carbon. In this particular isomer, both X atoms are on the same side of the double-bond. (Meghan Ferguson)

8. //Trans// isomer – a molecule with two double-bonded carbons with an H and an X attached to each. This arrangement is when the Xs are on different side of the bonds. (Maya Lobban)

9. Enantiomers – these are isomers (compounds that have the same number of an atom but a different structures) where one isomer's structure is a mirror image of the other one. Usually, only one of the isomers is biologically active. An example of this would be if you took two pieces of paper and made paint dots in an arrangement like the atoms of an organic compound on one of them. If you then put the other paper on top while the paint was still wet and opened it up, you would have created enantiomer isomers. (Victoria Criscione) 10. Asymmetric carbon – a carbon compound bonded to four different elements or groups of atoms. The different arrangements of the atoms around the carbon allow for two mirror images, or enantiomers. (Stefanie Zavodny)

11. Functional groups – specific groups of atoms within molecules that are directly engaged in chemical reactions (Jenna Immormino)

12. Hydroxyl group – (-- OH) A biologically important chemical group that has a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. This is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule. An example would be with ethanol where the hydroxyl group is bonded to hydrogens and carbons. A hydroxyl group is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules which helps dissolve organic compounds. (Amy Rowland)

13. Alcohols – make up the hydroxyl group. They are polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This allows them to dissolve organic compounds. In the hydroxyl group, the hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom. (Eleanor Haglund)

14. Ethanol – type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a motor fuel for gasoline. (Andi Melesius) 15. Carbonyl – Carbonyl is a chemical group that is made up of carbon atoms that are double-bonded to oxygen atoms. They are present in aldehydes and ketones. (Julia Sullivan)

16. Ketones – is the name of a carbonyl compound when the of carbonyl group, when a carbon atom is joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond, is within a carbon skeleton. (Julie Kim)

17. Aldehydes – are the name of the carbonyl compound when the carbonyl group is located at the end of the carbon skeleton. It consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. (Lindsey Gieger)

18. Carboxyl group - (--COOH) one of the 7 chemical groups that are very important in biological processes. The carboxyl group is found when an oxygen atom that is double bonded to a carbon atom is also bonded to an -OH group. The compounds can be called carboxylic acids, or organic acids. The carboxyl group has acidic properties because the oxygen and hydrogen bond is so polar. It is found in cells in the ionized form with a negative 1 charge. When in this form it is called a carboxylate ion. (Jillian Nash)

19. Carboxylic acids – is the name of the comound carboxyl, it is also called organic acids. For example acetic acid which gives viniger its taste. Carboxylic acids are polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen, therefore they have very acidic properites. They are also found in cells as an inoized form with a charge of 1- and it is called a carboxylate ion (Baily Blanchard)

20. Amino group –an amino group includes two hydrogen atoms bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is then attached to a carbon skeleton  the group with 2 hydrogens and 1 nitrogen attached to a carbon on the left side of this picture is an example of an amino group   (Melissa Beswick)

Amino group - it consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen (-NH2). It can also be bonded to the carbon skeleton. The name of the compound is called amines. An example of an amine is glycine because of the –NH2 bonded to the carbon. Glycine is an amine and carboxylic acid which makes it an amino acid. Amines acts as a base and can pick up a Hydrogen cation from the surrounding solution which would be water in living organisms. Amine can also be ionized with 1+ charge under cellular conditions. (Brianna Morgan)

21. Amines – basic organic compounds that consist of nitrogen and have a strong odor; constitute amino acids and are used for many synthetic processes; form if a carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton (Bella Fernandez)  6 22. Amino acids – Amino acids are molecules which contain an amine and carboxylic acid group, and a side chain that has a variety of different amino acids. One of its many functions would be metabolism and can serve as the building blocks of protein. (Stephanie Ng)

23. Sulfhydryl group – a sulfhydryl group is made up of one sulfur atom bonded with one hydrogen atom. It is a chemical group that is similar to a hydroxyl group in its form and appearance. A covalent bond is formed when two of these sulfhydryl groups react with one another. This reaction between two sulfhydryl groups is called cross-linking. Sulfhydryl groups are significant in several biochemical processes. (Gracie Berkman)

24. Thiols – Thiol is the name of the compound that makes up the Sulfhydryl group. The compound contains a sulfur-hydrogen bond (SH). Thiols and alcohols have similar molecular structures. An example of a thiol is cysteine. (Melanie Catlett)  *Below is the molecular structure for cysteine with SH representing the compound, thio l.   25. Phosphate group – a chemical group made up of a phosphorous atom and four oxygen atoms; one of the oxygen atoms bonds to the carbons skeleton while two of the oxygen atoms have negative charges. The chemical symbol for a phosphate group is -OPO3^2-. Phosphate groups are vital in the process of transferring energy. (Grace Baumann)

26. Organic phosphates –

27. Methyl group – a chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms; this group may be attached to a carbon atom or to a different atom. The addition of a methyl group to DNA or to molecules bound to DNA affects expression of genes. The arrangements of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their appearance and function. (Christina Egea)

28. Methylated compounds –a compound made up of a carbon that is bonded to three hydrogen atoms (methyl group). An example of a methylated compound would be of 5-Methyl cytidine which contributes to the make up of DNA. (Julia Wolak)

29. Adenosine triphosphate –or ATP is made up of three phosphate groups attached to adenosine, an organic molecule. This is a complicated organic phosphate molecule that emits free energy used to support and run cell processes and reactions. This energy is released when the phosphate bonds react with water. (Olivia Donatelli)